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Why is Naracoorte so important?
 Naracoorte (300ha) lies in the south-east of South Australia, 11km south-south-east of Naracoorte township and approximately 320km south-east of Adelaide (37°S, 140°48'E). Naracoorte Caves were gazetted in 1917. The Naracoorte Caves Conservation Park was proclaimed under the South Australia National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972.
Visitor access at Naracoorte is controlled to protect the scientific, conservation and aesthetic values of the caves.
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The Pleistocene fossil vertebrate deposits of Victoria Fossil Cave at Naracoorte are considered to be Australia's largest and best preserved (Wells et al. 1984), and one of the richest deposits in the world (Wells, 1975). From the 3-4m deep Fossil Bed, tens of thousands of specimens representing at least 93 vertebrate species have been recovered, ranging in size from very small frogs to buffalo-sized marsupials. These include superbly preserved examples of the Australian Ice-Age megafauna as well as modern species such as the Tasmanian Devil and Thylacine, wallabies, possums, bettongs, mice, bats, snakes, parrots, turtles, lizards and frogs. The fossil material includes complete postcranial remains (many of which are partially articulated) and skulls so well preserved that even the most delicate bones are still intact.
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Extinction
The Naracoorte fauna includes elements of the extinct Australian megafauna. During the Late Tertiary and Pleistocene there was a trend of increasing body size in animal species. The ancestors of modern species were larger then, and some species that are now extinct were very big. Zygomaturus trilobus and the marsupial 'tapir' Palorchestes azael were large marsupial herbivores. They browsed alongside giant kangaroos such as Macropus titan, a giant form of the Grey Kangaroo and Procoptodon goliah, a hoof-toed Giant Short-faced Kangaroo that could reach 3m. Wonambi naracoortensis, a gigantic snake, searched for prey along with Thylacinus cynocephalus, the Tasmanian Tiger, Sarcophilus harrisii, the Tasmanian Devil and Thylacoleo carnifex, the leopard-sized marsupial lion.
Careful excavation of the fossil deposits has yielded more than 5000 catalogued specimens. [Photos: Henk Godthelp]
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How was Naracoorte discovered?
Visitors to these spectacular limestone formations in Naracoorte Caves for over a century were unaware that nearby in hidden chambers a detailed record of the local fauna had been steadily accumulating for more than 3000 centuries. Cave explorer Grant Gartrell and palaeontologist Rod Wells of Flinders University were exploring Victoria Cave hoping to find fossil bones when they broke through to a concealed passageway. In the unexplored caverns beyond they discovered the largest, most diverse and best preserved Pleistocene vertebrate fossil assemblage in Australia in what is now known as the Fossil Chamber. Because of the extraordinary richness and potential of these fossil deposits, the Naracoorte Caves were declared a World Heritage site in 1994.
The Marsupial Lion Thylacoleo carnifex moves in on a potential meal: the giant marsupial herbivore Diprotodon optatum in a Plestocene terrain. The bones of Pleistocene animals such as these are found in abundance in the fossil deposits at Naracoorte. [Reconstruction by Anne Musser]
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For more than 300,000 years sediment and animal bones filled the Fossil Chamber through an opening in the ceiling, forming an enormous cone-shaped pile. The cave acted like a huge natural pitfall trap: animals that fell in were unable to escape through the high entrance and died, their skeletons lying nearly undisturbed for millennia. As the cone grew, fans of sediment and animal bones spread out over the cave floor. The sediment pile eventually grew up to the ceiling and blocked the entrance about 15,000 years ago, sealing the cave and its contents until discovery. Over nearly 30 years of excavation and research more than 5000 catalogued specimens have been excavated from only 4% of what is estimated to be a staggering 5000 tonnes of bone-rich sediment.
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The enormous pile of bone and sediment in the Fossil Chamber reaches up to block the entrance in the ceiling like the sediment pile in Sand Cave pictured here. It is estimated that the Fossil Chamber contains more than 5000 tonnes of bone-rich sediment. [Photo: Rod Wells]
Naracoorte fossil time periods
Pleistocene 300,000 - 15,000 BP
Time line and position of the continents during formation of the Naracoorte Fossil Chamber deposit.
Throughout this period Australia was almost in the same position that it is in today (red). The continent is still moving northwards and will collide with south-east Asia within the next 30 million years. The Pleistocene Epoch lasted from 2 million years ago to 10,000 years ago.
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Changes in Australia
Key stages in the evolution of the Australian climate and biota are included in the time span represented by the Naracoorte assemblage, including the period during which humans first arrived in Australia. The continent was becoming increasingly cool and dry, with occasional periods of warmer, wetter climate towards the Late Pleistocene. The dry and wet periods correspond to glacial and interglacial periods respectively on the other continents. These climatic changes, in particular increasing aridity, had profound effects on the Australian fauna and flora. By 15,000 years ago a significant number of large mammal species had become extinct.
  Skeletons of two extinct megafaunal animals are the Marsupial Lion Thylacoleo carnifex (far left) and the short-faced kangaroos Sthenurus spp (left). [Photos: Rod Wells]
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Exploring the caves
The very large Fossil Chamber deposit has been divided into a grid with 1.5m spacings. Small areas were selected for excavation leaving the majority of the deposit undisturbed. Slowly and carefully, sediment is removed from around the bones, which are mapped, sketched and photographed before removal. The excavated sediment is washed and sieved to retrieve smaller fossils. By careful sampling and removal of the sediment in layers and detailed recording of the position and orientation of fossils, the history of the formation of the deposit is being understood.
Subsequent exploration of the cave system has resulted in the discovery of more bone-rich caverns, including the Upper and Lower Ossuaries, which have lain undisturbed for tens of thousands of years. Nobody knows the extent of the Naracoorte Cave system. There may be more hidden fossil-rich chambers awaiting discovery.
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